stdenv/linux: document some tips in debugging stdenv bootstrap tower

Just a few comments added:

- added a few one-liners to explore which tools are rebuilt at each
  stdenv iteration during bootstrap
- explicitly listed available toolchains and their sources for on each
  bootstrap step: glibc, binutils, gcc, coreutils.
- added mention of static libraries linked into gcc

Co-authored-by: Adam Joseph <54836058+amjoseph-nixpkgs@users.noreply.github.com>

pkgs/stdenv/linux/default.nix

@@ -1,8 +1,61 @@
 # This file constructs the standard build environment for the
-# Linux/i686 platform.  It's completely pure; that is, it relies on no
+# Linux platform.  It's completely pure; that is, it relies on no
 # external (non-Nix) tools, such as /usr/bin/gcc, and it contains a C
 # compiler and linker that do not search in default locations,
 # ensuring purity of components produced by it.
+#
+# It starts from prebuilt seed bootstrapFiles and creates a series of
+# nixpkgs instances (stages) to gradually rebuild stdenv, which
+# is used to build all other packages (including the bootstrapFiles).
+#
+# Goals of the bootstrap process:
+# 1. final stdenv must not reference any of the bootstrap files.
+# 2. final stdenv must not contain any of the bootstrap files
+#    (the only current violation is libgcc_s.so in glibc).
+# 3. final stdenv must not contain any of the files directly
+#    generated by the bootstrap code generators (assembler, linker,
+#    compiler). The only current violations are: libgcc_s.so in glibc,
+#    the lib{mpfr,mpc,gmp,isl} which are statically linked
+#    into the final gcc).
+#
+# These goals ensure that final packages and final stdenv are built
+# exclusively using nixpkgs package definitions and don't depend
+# on bootstrapTools (via direct references, inclusion
+# of copied code, or code compiled directly by bootstrapTools).
+#
+# Stages are described below along with their definitions.
+#
+# Debugging stdenv dependency graph:
+# An useful tool to explore dependencies across stages is to use
+# '__bootPackages' attribute of 'stdenv. Examples of last 3 stages:
+# - stdenv
+# - stdenv.__bootPackages.stdenv
+# - stdenv.__bootPackages.stdenv.__bootPackages.stdenv
+# - ... and so on.
+#
+# To explore build-time dependencies in graphical form one can use
+# the following:
+#     $ nix-store --query --graph $(nix-instantiate -A stdenv) |
+#         grep -P -v '[.]sh|[.]patch|bash|[.]tar' | # avoid clutter
+#         dot -Tsvg > stdenv-final.svg
+#
+# To find all the packages built by a particular stdenv instance:
+#    $ for stage in 0 1 2 3 4; do
+#      echo "stage${stage} used in:"
+#      nix-store --query --graph $(nix-instantiate -A stdenv) |
+#          grep -P ".*bootstrap-stage${stage}-stdenv.*->.*" |
+#          sed 's/"[0-9a-z]\{32\}-/"/g'
+#      done
+#
+# To verify which stdenv was used to build a given final package:
+#     $ nix-store --query --graph $(nix-instantiate -A stdenv) |
+#       grep -P -v '[.]sh|[.]patch|bash|[.]tar' |
+#       grep -P '.*stdenv.*->.*glibc-2'
+#     "...-bootstrap-stage2-stdenv-linux.drv" -> "...-glibc-2.35-224.drv";
+#
+# For a TUI (rather than CLI) view, you can use:
+#
+#     $ nix-tree --derivation $(nix-instantiate -A stdenv)
 { lib
 , localSystem, crossSystem, config, overlays, crossOverlays ? []
 
@@ -147,6 +200,9 @@ in
 
   # Build a dummy stdenv with no GCC or working fetchurl.  This is
   # because we need a stdenv to build the GCC wrapper and fetchurl.
+  #
+  # resulting stage0 stdenv:
+  # - coreutils, binutils, glibc, gcc: from bootstrapFiles
   (prevStage: stageFun prevStage {
     name = "bootstrap-stage0";
 
@@ -202,6 +258,9 @@ in
   # If we ever need to use a package from more than one stage back, we
   # simply re-export those packages in the middle stage(s) using the
   # overrides attribute and the inherit syntax.
+  #
+  # resulting stage1 stdenv:
+  # - coreutils, binutils, glibc, gcc: from bootstrapFiles
   (prevStage: stageFun prevStage {
     name = "bootstrap-stage1";
 
@@ -228,6 +287,10 @@ in
 
   # 2nd stdenv that contains our own rebuilt binutils and is used for
   # compiling our own Glibc.
+  #
+  # resulting stage2 stdenv:
+  # - coreutils, glibc, gcc: from bootstrapFiles
+  # - binutils: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain
   (prevStage: stageFun prevStage {
     name = "bootstrap-stage2";
 
@@ -296,6 +359,10 @@ in
   # Construct a third stdenv identical to the 2nd, except that this
   # one uses the rebuilt Glibc from stage2.  It still uses the recent
   # binutils and rest of the bootstrap tools, including GCC.
+  #
+  # resulting stage3 stdenv:
+  # - coreutils, gcc: from bootstrapFiles
+  # - glibc, binutils: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain
   (prevStage: stageFun prevStage {
     name = "bootstrap-stage3";
 
@@ -332,6 +399,17 @@ in
 
   # Construct a fourth stdenv that uses the new GCC.  But coreutils is
   # still from the bootstrap tools.
+  #
+  # resulting stage4 stdenv:
+  # - coreutils: from bootstrapFiles
+  # - glibc, binutils: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain
+  # - gcc: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain. Can assume
+  #        it has almost no code from bootstrapTools as gcc bootstraps
+  #        internally. The only exceptions are crt files from glibc
+  #        built by bootstrapTools used to link executables and libraries,
+  #        and the bootstrapTools-built, statically-linked
+  #        lib{mpfr,mpc,gmp,isl}.a which are linked into the final gcc
+  #        (see commit cfde88976ba4cddd01b1bb28b40afd12ea93a11d).
   (prevStage: stageFun prevStage {
     name = "bootstrap-stage4";
 
@@ -388,6 +466,17 @@ in
   # When updating stdenvLinux, make sure that the result has no
   # dependency (`nix-store -qR') on bootstrapTools or the first
   # binutils built.
+  #
+  # resulting stage5 (final) stdenv:
+  # - coreutils, binutils: from nixpkgs, built by nixpkgs toolchain
+  # - glibc: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain
+  # - gcc: from nixpkgs, built by bootstrapFiles toolchain. Can assume
+  #        it has almost no code from bootstrapTools as gcc bootstraps
+  #        internally. The only exceptions are crt files from glibc
+  #        built by bootstrapTools used to link executables and libraries,
+  #        and the bootstrapTools-built, statically-linked
+  #        lib{mpfr,mpc,gmp,isl}.a which are linked into the final gcc
+  #        (see commit cfde88976ba4cddd01b1bb28b40afd12ea93a11d).
   (prevStage: {
     inherit config overlays;
     stdenv = import ../generic rec {