drgn/libdrgn/python/type.c

// Copyright 2018-2019 - Omar Sandoval
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0+

#include "drgnpy.h"
#include "../type.h"

static const char *drgn_type_kind_str(struct drgn_type *type)
{
	return drgn_type_kind_spelling[drgn_type_kind(type)];
}

static DrgnType *DrgnType_new(enum drgn_qualifiers qualifiers, size_t nmemb,
			      size_t size)
{
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	size_t bytes;

	if (__builtin_mul_overflow(nmemb, size, &bytes) ||
	    __builtin_add_overflow(bytes, sizeof(struct drgn_type), &bytes) ||
	    __builtin_add_overflow(bytes, sizeof(void *) - 1, &bytes) ||
	    bytes / sizeof(void *) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - sizeof(DrgnType)) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		return NULL;
	}
	type_obj = (DrgnType *)DrgnType_type.tp_alloc(&DrgnType_type,
						      bytes / sizeof(void *));
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;
	type_obj->qualifiers = qualifiers;
	type_obj->attr_cache = PyDict_New();
	if (!type_obj->attr_cache) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}
	type_obj->type = type_obj->_type;
	return type_obj;
}

DRGNPY_PUBLIC PyObject *DrgnType_wrap(struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type,
				      PyObject *parent)
{
	DrgnType *type_obj;

	type_obj = (DrgnType *)DrgnType_type.tp_alloc(&DrgnType_type, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;
	type_obj->qualifiers = qualified_type.qualifiers;
	type_obj->attr_cache = PyDict_New();
	if (!type_obj->attr_cache) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}
	type_obj->type = qualified_type.type;
	if (parent) {
		Py_INCREF(parent);
		type_obj->parent = parent;
	}
	return (PyObject *)type_obj;
}

struct py_type_thunk {
	struct drgn_type_thunk thunk;
	PyObject **pending;
	PyObject *callable;
};

static int py_lazy_type_evaluate(struct drgn_lazy_type *lazy_type,
				 struct drgn_qualified_type *qualified_type)
{
	struct drgn_error *err;
	bool clear;

	/* Avoid the thread state overhead if we can. */
	if (drgn_lazy_type_is_evaluated(lazy_type)) {
		drgn_lazy_type_evaluate(lazy_type, qualified_type);
		return 0;
	}

	clear = set_drgn_in_python();
	err = drgn_lazy_type_evaluate(lazy_type, qualified_type);
	if (clear)
		clear_drgn_in_python();
	if (err) {
		set_drgn_error(err);
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

static struct drgn_error *py_type_thunk_evaluate_fn(struct drgn_type_thunk *thunk,
						    struct drgn_qualified_type *result)
{
	struct py_type_thunk *t = (struct py_type_thunk *)thunk;
	PyGILState_STATE gstate;
	struct drgn_error *err;
	PyObject *obj;

	gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
	obj = PyObject_CallObject(t->callable, NULL);
	if (!obj)
		goto err;
	if (!PyObject_IsInstance(obj, (PyObject *)&DrgnType_type)) {
		Py_DECREF(obj);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"type callable must return Type");
		goto err;
	}

	*t->pending = obj;
	result->type = ((DrgnType *)obj)->type;
	result->qualifiers = ((DrgnType *)obj)->qualifiers;
	PyGILState_Release(gstate);
	return NULL;

err:
	err = drgn_error_from_python();
	PyGILState_Release(gstate);
	return err;
}

static void py_type_thunk_free_fn(struct drgn_type_thunk *thunk)
{
	struct py_type_thunk *t = (struct py_type_thunk *)thunk;
	PyGILState_STATE gstate;

	gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
	Py_XDECREF(t->callable);
	PyGILState_Release(gstate);
	free(t);
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_ptr(DrgnType *self, void *arg)
{
	return PyLong_FromVoidPtr(self->type);
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_kind(DrgnType *self)
{
	return PyObject_CallFunction(TypeKind_class, "k",
				     drgn_type_kind(self->type));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_primitive(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (drgn_type_primitive(self->type) == DRGN_NOT_PRIMITIVE_TYPE)
		Py_RETURN_NONE;
	return PyObject_CallFunction(PrimitiveType_class, "k",
				     drgn_type_primitive(self->type));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_qualifiers(DrgnType *self)
{
	return PyObject_CallFunction(Qualifiers_class, "k",
				     (unsigned long)self->qualifiers);
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_name(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_name(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have a name",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	return PyUnicode_FromString(drgn_type_name(self->type));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_tag(DrgnType *self)
{
	const char *tag;

	if (!drgn_type_has_tag(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have a tag",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}

	tag = drgn_type_tag(self->type);
	if (tag)
		return PyUnicode_FromString(tag);
	else
		Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_size(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_size(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have a size",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	if (!drgn_type_is_complete(self->type))
		Py_RETURN_NONE;
	return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(drgn_type_size(self->type));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_length(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_length(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have a length",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	if (drgn_type_is_complete(self->type))
		return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(drgn_type_length(self->type));
	else
		Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_is_signed(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_is_signed(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have a signedness",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	return PyBool_FromLong(drgn_type_is_signed(self->type));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_type(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_type(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have an underlying type",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	if (drgn_type_kind(self->type) == DRGN_TYPE_ENUM &&
	    !drgn_type_is_complete(self->type)) {
		Py_RETURN_NONE;
	} else {
		return DrgnType_wrap(drgn_type_type(self->type),
				     (PyObject *)self);
	}
}

_Py_IDENTIFIER(pending_members);

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_members(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *pending_members_obj, *members_obj;
	struct drgn_type_member *members;
	size_t num_members, i;

	if (!drgn_type_has_members(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have members",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}

	if (!drgn_type_is_complete(self->type))
		Py_RETURN_NONE;

	members = drgn_type_members(self->type);
	num_members = drgn_type_num_members(self->type);

	/* First, evaluate all of the lazy types. */
	for (i = 0; i < num_members; i++) {
		struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;

		if (py_lazy_type_evaluate(&members[i].type,
					  &qualified_type) == -1)
			return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * Now, if we had pending members, they are all filled in and can be
	 * returned. Otherwise, create the list from scratch.
	 */
	pending_members_obj = _PyDict_GetItemId(self->attr_cache,
						&PyId_pending_members);
	if (pending_members_obj) {
		Py_INCREF(pending_members_obj);
		if (_PyDict_DelItemId(self->attr_cache,
				      &PyId_pending_members) == -1) {
			Py_DECREF(pending_members_obj);
			return NULL;
		}
		return pending_members_obj;
	}

	members_obj = PyTuple_New(num_members);
	if (!members_obj)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < num_members; i++) {
		struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;
		PyObject *type, *item;

		/* Already evaluated, so we don't need to check for errors. */
		assert(drgn_lazy_type_is_evaluated(&members[i].type));
		drgn_member_type(&members[i], &qualified_type);

		type = DrgnType_wrap(qualified_type, (PyObject *)self);
		if (!type)
			goto err;
		item = Py_BuildValue("(OsKK)", type, members[i].name,
				     (unsigned long long)members[i].bit_offset,
				     (unsigned long long)members[i].bit_field_size);
		Py_DECREF(type);
		if (!item)
			goto err;
		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(members_obj, i, item);
	}

	return members_obj;

err:
	Py_DECREF(members_obj);
	return NULL;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_enumerators(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *enumerators_obj;
	const struct drgn_type_enumerator *enumerators;
	bool is_signed;
	size_t num_enumerators, i;

	if (!drgn_type_has_enumerators(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have enumerators",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}

	if (!drgn_type_is_complete(self->type))
		Py_RETURN_NONE;

	enumerators = drgn_type_enumerators(self->type);
	num_enumerators = drgn_type_num_enumerators(self->type);
	is_signed = drgn_enum_type_is_signed(self->type);

	enumerators_obj = PyTuple_New(num_enumerators);
	if (!enumerators_obj)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < num_enumerators; i++) {
		PyObject *item;

		if (is_signed) {
			item = Py_BuildValue("(sL)", enumerators[i].name,
					     (long long)enumerators[i].svalue);
		} else {
			item = Py_BuildValue("(sK)", enumerators[i].name,
					     (unsigned long long)enumerators[i].uvalue);
		}
		if (!item) {
			Py_DECREF(enumerators_obj);
			return NULL;
		}
		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(enumerators_obj, i, item);
	}

	return enumerators_obj;
}

_Py_IDENTIFIER(pending_parameters);

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_parameters(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *pending_parameters_obj, *parameters_obj;
	struct drgn_type_parameter *parameters;
	size_t num_parameters, i;

	if (!drgn_type_has_parameters(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type does not have parameters",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}

	parameters = drgn_type_parameters(self->type);
	num_parameters = drgn_type_num_parameters(self->type);

	/* First, evaluate all of the lazy types. */
	for (i = 0; i < num_parameters; i++) {
		struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;

		if (py_lazy_type_evaluate(&parameters[i].type,
					  &qualified_type) == -1)
			return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * Now, if we had pending parameters, they are all filled in and can be
	 * returned. Otherwise, create the list from scratch.
	 */
	pending_parameters_obj = _PyDict_GetItemId(self->attr_cache,
						   &PyId_pending_parameters);
	if (pending_parameters_obj) {
		Py_INCREF(pending_parameters_obj);
		if (_PyDict_DelItemId(self->attr_cache,
				      &PyId_pending_parameters) == -1) {
			Py_DECREF(pending_parameters_obj);
			return NULL;
		}
		return pending_parameters_obj;
	}

	parameters_obj = PyTuple_New(num_parameters);
	if (!parameters_obj)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < num_parameters; i++) {
		struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;
		PyObject *type, *item;

		/* Already evaluated, so we don't need to check for errors. */
		assert(drgn_lazy_type_is_evaluated(&parameters[i].type));
		drgn_parameter_type(&parameters[i], &qualified_type);

		type = DrgnType_wrap(qualified_type, (PyObject *)self);
		if (!type)
			goto err;
		item = Py_BuildValue("(sO)", parameters[i].name, type);
		Py_DECREF(type);
		if (!item)
			goto err;
		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(parameters_obj, i, item);
	}

	return parameters_obj;

err:
	Py_DECREF(parameters_obj);
	return NULL;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_get_is_variadic(DrgnType *self)
{
	if (!drgn_type_has_is_variadic(self->type)) {
		return PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
				    "%s type cannot be variadic",
				    drgn_type_kind_str(self->type));
	}
	return PyBool_FromLong(drgn_type_is_variadic(self->type));
}

struct DrgnType_Attr {
	_Py_Identifier id;
	PyObject *(*getter)(DrgnType *);
};

#define DrgnType_ATTR(name)				\
static struct DrgnType_Attr DrgnType_attr_##name = {	\
	.id = _Py_static_string_init(#name),		\
	.getter = DrgnType_get_##name,			\
}

DrgnType_ATTR(kind);
DrgnType_ATTR(primitive);
DrgnType_ATTR(qualifiers);
DrgnType_ATTR(name);
DrgnType_ATTR(tag);
DrgnType_ATTR(size);
DrgnType_ATTR(length);
DrgnType_ATTR(is_signed);
DrgnType_ATTR(type);
DrgnType_ATTR(members);
DrgnType_ATTR(enumerators);
DrgnType_ATTR(parameters);
DrgnType_ATTR(is_variadic);

static PyObject *DrgnType_getter(DrgnType *self, struct DrgnType_Attr *attr)
{
	PyObject *value;

	value = _PyDict_GetItemId(self->attr_cache, &attr->id);
	if (value) {
		Py_INCREF(value);
		return value;
	}

	value = attr->getter(self);
	if (!value)
		return NULL;

	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(self->attr_cache, &attr->id, value) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(value);
		return NULL;
	}
	return value;
}

static PyGetSetDef DrgnType_getset[] = {
	{"_ptr", (getter)DrgnType_get_ptr, NULL,
"Address of underlying ``struct drgn_type``.\n"
"\n"
"This is used for testing.\n"
"\n"
":vartype: int"},
	{"kind", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL,
	 drgn_Type_kind_DOC, &DrgnType_attr_kind},
	{"primitive", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_primitive_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_primitive},
	{"qualifiers", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_qualifiers_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_qualifiers},
	{"name", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_name_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_name},
	{"tag", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_tag_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_tag},
	{"size", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_size_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_size},
	{"length", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_length_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_length},
	{"is_signed", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_is_signed_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_is_signed},
	{"type", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_type_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_type},
	{"members", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_members_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_members},
	{"enumerators", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL,
	 drgn_Type_enumerators_DOC, &DrgnType_attr_enumerators},
	{"parameters", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL, drgn_Type_parameters_DOC,
	 &DrgnType_attr_parameters},
	{"is_variadic", (getter)DrgnType_getter, NULL,
	 drgn_Type_is_variadic_DOC, &DrgnType_attr_is_variadic},
	{},
};

static int type_arg(PyObject *arg, struct drgn_qualified_type *qualified_type,
		    DrgnType *type_obj)
{
	Py_INCREF(arg);
	if (!PyObject_IsInstance(arg, (PyObject *)&DrgnType_type)) {
		Py_DECREF(arg);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "type must be Type");
		return -1;
	}

	if (type_obj) {
		if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache,
				      &DrgnType_attr_type.id, arg) == -1) {
			Py_DECREF(arg);
			return -1;
		}
	}
	qualified_type->type = ((DrgnType *)arg)->type;
	qualified_type->qualifiers = ((DrgnType *)arg)->qualifiers;
	Py_DECREF(arg);
	return 0;
}

static int lazy_type_arg(PyObject *arg, struct drgn_lazy_type *lazy_type,
			 PyObject **pending)
{
	if (PyCallable_Check(arg)) {
		struct py_type_thunk *thunk;

		thunk = malloc(sizeof(*thunk));
		if (!thunk) {
			PyErr_NoMemory();
			return -1;
		}
		thunk->thunk.evaluate_fn = py_type_thunk_evaluate_fn;
		thunk->thunk.free_fn = py_type_thunk_free_fn;
		thunk->pending = pending;
		Py_INCREF(arg);
		thunk->callable = arg;
		drgn_lazy_type_init_thunk(lazy_type, &thunk->thunk);
		return 0;
	}

	Py_INCREF(arg);
	if (!PyObject_IsInstance(arg, (PyObject *)&DrgnType_type)) {
		Py_DECREF(arg);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"type must be Type or callable returning Type");
		return -1;
	}

	*pending = arg;
	drgn_lazy_type_init_evaluated(lazy_type, ((DrgnType *)arg)->type,
				      ((DrgnType *)arg)->qualifiers);
	return 0;
}

#define visit_lazy_type(lazy_type, visit)				\
do {									\
	struct drgn_lazy_type *_lazy_type = (lazy_type);		\
									\
	if (!drgn_lazy_type_is_evaluated(_lazy_type)) {			\
		struct py_type_thunk *_thunk;				\
									\
		_thunk = (struct py_type_thunk *)_lazy_type->thunk;	\
		if (_thunk)						\
			visit(_thunk);					\
	}								\
} while (0)

#define visit_type_thunks(self, visit)						\
do {										\
	DrgnType *_self = self;							\
										\
	if (drgn_type_is_complete(_self->type)) {				\
		if (drgn_type_has_members(_self->type)) {			\
			struct drgn_type_member *members;			\
			size_t num_members, i;					\
										\
			members = drgn_type_members(_self->type);		\
			num_members = drgn_type_num_members(_self->type);	\
			for (i = 0; i < num_members; i++)			\
				visit_lazy_type(&members[i].type, visit);	\
		}								\
		if (drgn_type_has_parameters(_self->type)) {			\
			struct drgn_type_parameter *parameters;			\
			size_t num_parameters, i;				\
										\
			parameters = drgn_type_parameters(_self->type);		\
			num_parameters = drgn_type_num_parameters(_self->type);	\
			for (i = 0; i < num_parameters; i++)			\
				visit_lazy_type(&parameters[i].type, visit);	\
		}								\
	}									\
} while (0)

static void DrgnType_dealloc(DrgnType *self)
{
#define dealloc_thunk(t) drgn_type_thunk_free(&t->thunk)
	if (self->type == self->_type)
		visit_type_thunks(self, dealloc_thunk);
#undef dealloc_thunk
	if (self->type != self->_type)
		Py_XDECREF(self->parent);
	Py_XDECREF(self->attr_cache);
	Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

static int DrgnType_traverse(DrgnType *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
#define traverse_thunk(t) Py_VISIT((t)->callable)
	if (self->type == self->_type)
		visit_type_thunks(self, traverse_thunk);
#undef traverse_thunk
	if (self->type != self->_type)
		Py_VISIT(self->parent);
	Py_VISIT(self->attr_cache);
	return 0;
}

static int DrgnType_clear(DrgnType *self)
{
#define clear_thunk(t) Py_CLEAR((t)->callable)
	if (self->type == self->_type)
		visit_type_thunks(self, clear_thunk);
#undef clear_thunk
	if (self->type != self->_type)
		Py_CLEAR(self->parent);
	Py_CLEAR(self->attr_cache);
	return 0;
}

#undef visit_type_thunks
#undef visit_lazy_type

static int append_field(PyObject *parts, bool *first, const char *format, ...)
{
	va_list ap;
	PyObject *str;
	int ret;

	if (!*first && append_string(parts, ", ") == -1)
		return -1;
	*first = false;

	va_start(ap, format);
	str = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, ap);
	va_end(ap);
	if (!str)
		return -1;

	ret = PyList_Append(parts, str);
	Py_DECREF(str);
	return ret;
}

#define append_member(parts, type_obj, first, member) ({			\
	int _ret = 0;								\
	PyObject *_obj;								\
										\
	if (drgn_type_has_##member((type_obj)->type)) {				\
		_obj = DrgnType_getter((type_obj), &DrgnType_attr_##member);	\
		if (_obj) {							\
			_ret = append_field((parts), (first), #member"=%R",	\
					    _obj);				\
			Py_DECREF(_obj);					\
		} else {							\
			_ret = -1;						\
		}								\
	}									\
	_ret;									\
})

_Py_IDENTIFIER(DrgnType_Repr);

/*
 * We only want to print compound types (structure and union types) one level
 * deep in order to avoid very deep recursion. Return 0 if this is the first
 * level, 1 if this is a deeper level (and thus we shouldn't print more
 * members), and -1 on error.
 */
static int DrgnType_ReprEnter(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *dict, *key, *value;

	if (!drgn_type_has_members(self->type))
		return 0;

	dict = PyThreadState_GetDict();
	if (dict == NULL)
		return 0;
	key = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId_DrgnType_Repr);
	if (!key) {
		PyErr_Clear();
		return -1;
	}
	value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, key);
	if (value == Py_True)
		return 1;
	if ((!value && PyErr_Occurred()) ||
	    PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, Py_True) == -1) {
		PyErr_Clear();
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* Pair with DrgnType_ReprEnter() only if it returned 0. */
static void DrgnType_ReprLeave(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *exc_type, *exc_value, *exc_traceback;
	PyObject *dict;

	if (!drgn_type_has_members(self->type))
		return;

	PyErr_Fetch(&exc_type, &exc_value, &exc_traceback);
	dict = PyThreadState_GetDict();
	if (dict)
		_PyDict_SetItemId(dict, &PyId_DrgnType_Repr, Py_False);
	PyErr_Restore(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback);
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_repr(DrgnType *self)
{
	PyObject *parts, *sep, *ret = NULL;
	bool first = true;
	int recursive;

	parts = PyList_New(0);
	if (!parts)
		return NULL;

	if (append_format(parts, "%s_type(",
			  drgn_type_kind_str(self->type)) == -1)
		goto out;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, name) == -1)
		goto out;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, tag) == -1)
		goto out;

	recursive = DrgnType_ReprEnter(self);
	if (recursive == -1) {
		goto out;
	} else if (recursive) {
		if (append_field(parts, &first, "...)") == -1)
			goto out;
		goto join;
	}

	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, size) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, length) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, is_signed) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, type) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, members) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, enumerators) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, parameters) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (append_member(parts, self, &first, is_variadic) == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;
	if (self->qualifiers) {
		PyObject *obj;

		obj = DrgnType_getter(self, &DrgnType_attr_qualifiers);
		if (!obj)
			goto out_repr_leave;

		if (append_field(parts, &first, "qualifiers=%R", obj) == -1) {
			Py_DECREF(obj);
			goto out_repr_leave;
		}
		Py_DECREF(obj);
	}
	if (append_string(parts, ")") == -1)
		goto out_repr_leave;

join:
	sep = PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
	if (!sep)
		goto out;
	ret = PyUnicode_Join(sep, parts);
	Py_DECREF(sep);
out_repr_leave:
	if (!recursive)
		DrgnType_ReprLeave(self);
out:
	Py_DECREF(parts);
	return ret;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_str(DrgnType *self)
{
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type = {
		.type = self->type,
		.qualifiers = self->qualifiers,
	};
	struct drgn_error *err;
	PyObject *ret;
	char *str;

	err = drgn_pretty_print_type(qualified_type, &str);
	if (err)
		return set_drgn_error(err);

	ret = PyUnicode_FromString(str);
	free(str);
	return ret;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_type_name(DrgnType *self)
{
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type = {
		.type = self->type,
		.qualifiers = self->qualifiers,
	};
	struct drgn_error *err;
	PyObject *ret;
	char *str;

	err = drgn_pretty_print_type_name(qualified_type, &str);
	if (err)
		return set_drgn_error(err);

	ret = PyUnicode_FromString(str);
	free(str);
	return ret;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_is_complete(DrgnType *self)
{
	return PyBool_FromLong(drgn_type_is_complete(self->type));
}

int qualifiers_converter(PyObject *o, void *p)
{
	struct enum_arg arg = {
		.type = Qualifiers_class,
		.value = 0,
		.allow_none = true,
	};

	if (!enum_converter(o, &arg))
		return 0;
	*(unsigned char *)p = arg.value;
	return 1;
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_qualified(DrgnType *self, PyObject *args,
				    PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "qualifiers", NULL, };
	unsigned char qualifiers;
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O&:qualified", keywords,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	qualified_type.type = self->type;
	qualified_type.qualifiers = qualifiers;
	return DrgnType_wrap(qualified_type, DrgnType_parent(self));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_unqualified(DrgnType *self)
{
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;

	qualified_type.type = self->type;
	qualified_type.qualifiers = 0;
	return DrgnType_wrap(qualified_type, DrgnType_parent(self));
}

static PyObject *DrgnType_richcompare(DrgnType *self, PyObject *other, int op)
{
	struct drgn_error *err;
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type1, qualified_type2;
	bool clear;
	bool ret;

	if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(other, &DrgnType_type) ||
	    (op != Py_EQ && op != Py_NE))
		Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;

	clear = set_drgn_in_python();
	qualified_type1.type = self->type;
	qualified_type1.qualifiers = self->qualifiers;
	qualified_type2.type = ((DrgnType *)other)->type;
	qualified_type2.qualifiers = ((DrgnType *)other)->qualifiers;
	err = drgn_qualified_type_eq(qualified_type1, qualified_type2, &ret);
	if (clear)
		clear_drgn_in_python();
	if (err)
		return set_drgn_error(err);
	if (op == Py_NE)
		ret = !ret;
	if (ret)
		Py_RETURN_TRUE;
	else
		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

static PyMethodDef DrgnType_methods[] = {
	{"type_name", (PyCFunction)DrgnType_type_name, METH_NOARGS,
	 drgn_Type_type_name_DOC},
	{"is_complete", (PyCFunction)DrgnType_is_complete, METH_NOARGS,
	 drgn_Type_is_complete_DOC},
	{"qualified", (PyCFunction)DrgnType_qualified,
	 METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, drgn_Type_qualified_DOC},
	{"unqualified", (PyCFunction)DrgnType_unqualified, METH_NOARGS,
	 drgn_Type_unqualified_DOC},
	{},
};

PyTypeObject DrgnType_type = {
	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
	"_drgn.Type",				/* tp_name */
	sizeof(DrgnType),			/* tp_basicsize */
	/*
	 * The "item" of a Type object is an optional struct drgn_type + an
	 * optional array of struct drgn_type_member, struct
	 * drgn_type_enumerator, or struct drgn_type_parameter. We set
	 * tp_itemsize to a word so that we can allocate whatever arbitrary size
	 * we need.
	 */
	sizeof(void *),				/* tp_itemsize */
	(destructor)DrgnType_dealloc,		/* tp_dealloc */
	NULL,					/* tp_print */
	NULL,					/* tp_getattr */
	NULL,					/* tp_setattr */
	NULL,					/* tp_as_async */
	(reprfunc)DrgnType_repr,		/* tp_repr */
	NULL,					/* tp_as_number */
	NULL,					/* tp_as_sequence */
	NULL,					/* tp_as_mapping */
	NULL,					/* tp_hash  */
	NULL,					/* tp_call */
	(reprfunc)DrgnType_str,			/* tp_str */
	NULL,					/* tp_getattro */
	NULL,					/* tp_setattro */
	NULL,					/* tp_as_buffer */
	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
	drgn_Type_DOC,				/* tp_doc */
	(traverseproc)DrgnType_traverse,	/* tp_traverse */
	(inquiry)DrgnType_clear,		/* tp_clear */
	(richcmpfunc)DrgnType_richcompare,	/* tp_richcompare */
	0,					/* tp_weaklistoffset */
	NULL,					/* tp_iter */
	NULL,					/* tp_iternext */
	DrgnType_methods,			/* tp_methods */
	NULL,					/* tp_members */
	DrgnType_getset,			/* tp_getset */
};

DrgnType *void_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "qualifiers", NULL, };
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;
	struct drgn_qualified_type qualified_type;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|O&:void_type", keywords,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	qualified_type.type = &drgn_void_type;
	qualified_type.qualifiers = qualifiers;
	return (DrgnType *)DrgnType_wrap(qualified_type, NULL);
}

DrgnType *int_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = {
		"name", "size", "is_signed", "qualifiers", NULL,
	};
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *name_obj;
	const char *name;
	unsigned long size;
	int is_signed;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!kp|O&:int_type",
					 keywords, &PyUnicode_Type, &name_obj,
					 &size, &is_signed,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		return NULL;

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	drgn_int_type_init(type_obj->type, name, size, is_signed);

	if (drgn_type_name(type_obj->type) == name &&
	    _PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_name.id,
			      name_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	return type_obj;
}

DrgnType *bool_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "name", "size", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *name_obj;
	const char *name;
	unsigned long size;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!k|O&:bool_type",
					 keywords, &PyUnicode_Type, &name_obj,
					 &size, qualifiers_converter,
					 &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		return NULL;

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	drgn_bool_type_init(type_obj->type, name, size);

	if (drgn_type_name(type_obj->type) == name &&
	    _PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_name.id,
			      name_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	return type_obj;
}

DrgnType *float_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "name", "size", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *name_obj;
	const char *name;
	unsigned long size;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!k|O&:float_type",
					 keywords, &PyUnicode_Type, &name_obj,
					 &size, qualifiers_converter,
					 &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		return NULL;

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	drgn_float_type_init(type_obj->type, name, size);

	if (drgn_type_name(type_obj->type) == name &&
	    _PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_name.id,
			      name_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	return type_obj;
}

DrgnType *complex_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "name", "size", "type", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *name_obj;
	const char *name;
	unsigned long size;
	PyObject *real_type_obj;
	struct drgn_type *real_type;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!kO|O&:complex_type",
					 keywords, &PyUnicode_Type, &name_obj,
					 &size, &real_type_obj,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		return NULL;

	if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(real_type_obj, &DrgnType_type)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"complex_type() real type must be Type");
		return NULL;
	}
	real_type = ((DrgnType *)real_type_obj)->type;
	if (drgn_type_kind(real_type) != DRGN_TYPE_FLOAT &&
	    drgn_type_kind(real_type) != DRGN_TYPE_INT) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				"complex_type() real type must be floating-point or integer type");
		return NULL;
	}
	if (((DrgnType *)real_type_obj)->qualifiers) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				"complex_type() real type must be unqualified");
		return NULL;
	}

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	drgn_complex_type_init(type_obj->type, name, size, real_type);

	if (drgn_type_name(type_obj->type) == name &&
	    _PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_name.id,
			      name_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_type.id,
			      real_type_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	return type_obj;
}

static int unpack_member(DrgnType *type_obj, PyObject *members_seq,
			 PyObject *pending_members_obj, size_t i)
{
	static const char *msg = "member must be (type, name, bit_offset, bit_field_size) sequence";
	PyObject *name_obj = NULL;
	PyObject *bit_offset_obj = NULL, *bit_field_size_obj = NULL;
	PyObject *seq, *tuple;
	struct drgn_lazy_type member_type;
	const char *name;
	unsigned long long bit_offset;
	unsigned long long bit_field_size;
	int ret = -1;
	size_t size;

	seq = PySequence_Fast(PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(members_seq, i), msg);
	if (!seq)
		return -1;

	size = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(seq);
	if (size < 1 || size > 4) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, msg);
		goto out;
	}

	if (size >= 2)
		name_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 1);
	else
		name_obj = Py_None;
	Py_INCREF(name_obj);
	if (name_obj == Py_None) {
		name = NULL;
	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(name_obj)) {
		name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
		if (!name)
			goto out;
	} else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"member name must be string or None");
		goto out;
	}

	if (size >= 3) {
		bit_offset_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 2);
		Py_INCREF(bit_offset_obj);
		if (!PyLong_Check(bit_offset_obj)) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					"member bit offset must be integer");
			goto out;
		}
		bit_offset = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(bit_offset_obj);
		if (bit_offset == (unsigned long long)-1 &&
		    PyErr_Occurred())
			goto out;
	} else {
		bit_offset_obj = PyLong_FromLong(0);
		if (!bit_offset_obj)
			goto out;
		bit_offset = 0;
	}

	if (size >= 4) {
		bit_field_size_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 3);
		Py_INCREF(bit_field_size_obj);
		if (!PyLong_Check(bit_field_size_obj)) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					"member bit size must be integer");
			goto out;
		}
		bit_field_size = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(bit_field_size_obj);
		if (bit_field_size == (unsigned long long)-1 &&
		    PyErr_Occurred())
			goto out;
	} else {
		bit_field_size_obj = PyLong_FromLong(0);
		if (!bit_field_size_obj)
			goto out;
		bit_field_size = 0;
	}

	tuple = PyTuple_New(4);
	if (!tuple)
		goto out;
	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, 1, name_obj);
	name_obj = NULL;
	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, 2, bit_offset_obj);
	bit_offset_obj = NULL;
	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, 3, bit_field_size_obj);
	bit_field_size_obj = NULL;

	if (lazy_type_arg(PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 0), &member_type,
			  &PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(tuple)[0]) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(tuple);
		goto out;
	}
	drgn_type_member_init(type_obj->type, i, member_type, name, bit_offset,
			      bit_field_size);

	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(pending_members_obj, i, tuple);
	ret = 0;
out:
	Py_XDECREF(bit_field_size_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(bit_offset_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(name_obj);
	Py_DECREF(seq);
	return ret;
}

static DrgnType *compound_type(PyObject *tag_obj, PyObject *size_obj,
			       PyObject *members_obj,
			       enum drgn_qualifiers qualifiers, bool is_struct)
{
	const char *tag;
	DrgnType *type_obj = NULL;
	unsigned long long size;
	PyObject *members_seq = NULL;
	PyObject *pending_members_obj = NULL;
	size_t num_members;

	if (tag_obj == Py_None) {
		tag = NULL;
	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(tag_obj)) {
		tag = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tag_obj);
		if (!tag)
			return NULL;
	} else {
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
			     "%s_type() tag must be str or None",
			     is_struct ? "struct" : "union");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (members_obj == Py_None) {
		if (size_obj != Py_None) {
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
				     "incomplete %s type must not have size",
				     is_struct ? "structure" : "union");
			return NULL;
		}
		type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
		if (!type_obj)
			return NULL;
		if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache,
				      &DrgnType_attr_members.id, Py_None) == -1)
			goto err;
	} else {
		size_t i;

		if (size_obj == Py_None) {
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "%s type must have size",
				     is_struct ? "structure" : "union");
			return NULL;
		}

		size = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(size_obj);
		if (size == (unsigned long long)-1)
			return NULL;

		members_seq = PySequence_Fast(members_obj,
					      "members must be sequence or None");
		if (!members_seq)
			return NULL;

		num_members = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(members_seq);
		pending_members_obj = PyTuple_New(num_members);
		if (!pending_members_obj)
			goto err;

		type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, num_members,
					sizeof(struct drgn_type_member));
		if (!type_obj)
			goto err;
		for (i = 0; i < num_members; i++) {
			if (unpack_member(type_obj, members_seq,
					  pending_members_obj, i) == -1)
				goto err;
		}
		Py_CLEAR(members_seq);

		/*
		 * We can't cache it as the real members attribute because it may
		 * contain NULL for lazy types.
		 */
		if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache,
				      &PyId_pending_members,
				      pending_members_obj) == -1)
			goto err;
		Py_CLEAR(pending_members_obj);
	}

	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_tag.id,
			      tag_obj) == -1)
		goto err;

	if (members_obj == Py_None) {
		if (is_struct)
			drgn_struct_type_init_incomplete(type_obj->type, tag);
		else
			drgn_union_type_init_incomplete(type_obj->type, tag);
	} else {
		if (is_struct) {
			drgn_struct_type_init(type_obj->type, tag, size,
					      num_members);
		} else {
			drgn_union_type_init(type_obj->type, tag, size,
					     num_members);
		}
	}
	return type_obj;

err:
	Py_XDECREF(type_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(pending_members_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(members_seq);
	return NULL;
}

DrgnType *struct_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "tag", "size", "members", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	PyObject *tag_obj;
	PyObject *size_obj = Py_None;
	PyObject *members_obj = Py_None;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|OOO&:struct_type",
					 keywords, &tag_obj, &size_obj,
					 &members_obj, qualifiers_converter,
					 &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	return compound_type(tag_obj, size_obj, members_obj, qualifiers, true);
}

DrgnType *union_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "tag", "size", "members", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	PyObject *tag_obj;
	PyObject *size_obj = Py_None;
	PyObject *members_obj = Py_None;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|OOO&:union_type",
					 keywords, &tag_obj, &size_obj,
					 &members_obj, qualifiers_converter,
					 &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	return compound_type(tag_obj, size_obj, members_obj, qualifiers, false);
}

static int unpack_enumerator(DrgnType *type_obj, PyObject *enumerators_seq,
			     PyObject *cached_enumerators_obj, size_t i,
			     bool is_signed)
{
	static const char *msg = "enumerator must be (name, value) sequence";
	PyObject *seq, *tuple, *name_obj, *value_obj;
	const char *name;
	int ret = -1;

	seq = PySequence_Fast(PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(enumerators_seq, i),
			      msg);
	if (!seq)
		return -1;

	if (PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(seq) != 2) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, msg);
		goto out;
	}

	name_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 0);
	if (!PyUnicode_Check(name_obj)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"enumerator name must be string");
		goto out;
	}
	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		goto out;

	value_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 1);
	if (!PyLong_Check(value_obj)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"enumerator value must be integer");
		goto out;
	}
	if (is_signed) {
		long long svalue;

		svalue = PyLong_AsLongLong(value_obj);
		if (svalue == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
			goto out;
		drgn_type_enumerator_init_signed(type_obj->type, i, name,
						 svalue);
	} else {
		unsigned long long uvalue;

		uvalue = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(value_obj);
		if (uvalue == (unsigned long long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
			goto out;
		drgn_type_enumerator_init_unsigned(type_obj->type, i, name,
						   uvalue);
	}

	tuple = PySequence_Tuple(seq);
	if (!tuple)
		goto out;
	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(cached_enumerators_obj, i, tuple);
	ret = 0;
out:
	Py_DECREF(seq);
	return ret;
}

DrgnType *enum_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "tag", "type", "enumerators", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj = NULL;
	PyObject *tag_obj;
	const char *tag;
	PyObject *compatible_type_obj = Py_None;
	struct drgn_type *compatible_type;
	PyObject *enumerators_obj = Py_None;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;
	PyObject *enumerators_seq = NULL;
	PyObject *cached_enumerators_obj = NULL;
	size_t num_enumerators;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|OOO&:enum_type",
					 keywords, &tag_obj,
					 &compatible_type_obj, &enumerators_obj,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	if (tag_obj == Py_None) {
		tag = NULL;
	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(tag_obj)) {
		tag = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tag_obj);
		if (!tag)
			return NULL;
	} else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"enum_type() tag must be str or None");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (compatible_type_obj == Py_None) {
		compatible_type = NULL;
	} else if (PyObject_TypeCheck(compatible_type_obj, &DrgnType_type)) {
		compatible_type = ((DrgnType *)compatible_type_obj)->type;
		if (drgn_type_kind(compatible_type) != DRGN_TYPE_INT) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
					"enum_type() compatible type must be integer type");
			return NULL;
		}
		if (((DrgnType *)compatible_type_obj)->qualifiers) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
					"enum_type() compatible type must be unqualified");
			return NULL;
		}
	} else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"enum_type() compatible type must be Type or None");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (enumerators_obj == Py_None) {
		if (compatible_type) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
					"incomplete enum type must not have compatible type");
			return NULL;
		}
		num_enumerators = 0;
		type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
		if (!type_obj)
			return NULL;
		if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache,
				      &DrgnType_attr_enumerators.id,
				      Py_None) == -1)
			goto err;
	} else {
		bool is_signed;
		size_t i;

		if (!compatible_type) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
					"enum type must have compatible type");
			return NULL;
		}
		enumerators_seq = PySequence_Fast(enumerators_obj,
						  "enumerators must be sequence or None");
		if (!enumerators_seq)
			return NULL;
		num_enumerators = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(enumerators_seq);
		cached_enumerators_obj = PyTuple_New(num_enumerators);
		if (!cached_enumerators_obj)
			goto err;
		is_signed = drgn_type_is_signed(compatible_type);

		type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, num_enumerators,
					sizeof(struct drgn_type_enumerator));
		if (!type_obj)
			goto err;
		for (i = 0; i < num_enumerators; i++) {
			if (unpack_enumerator(type_obj, enumerators_seq,
					      cached_enumerators_obj, i,
					      is_signed) == -1)
				goto err;
		}
		Py_CLEAR(enumerators_seq);

		if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache,
				      &DrgnType_attr_enumerators.id,
				      cached_enumerators_obj) == -1)
			goto err;
		Py_CLEAR(cached_enumerators_obj);
	}

	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_tag.id,
			      tag_obj) == -1)
		goto err;
	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_type.id,
			      compatible_type_obj) == -1)
		goto err;

	if (enumerators_obj == Py_None) {
		drgn_enum_type_init_incomplete(type_obj->type, tag);
	} else {
		drgn_enum_type_init(type_obj->type, tag, compatible_type,
				    num_enumerators);
	}
	return type_obj;

err:
	Py_XDECREF(type_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(cached_enumerators_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(enumerators_seq);
	return NULL;
}

DrgnType *typedef_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "name", "type", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *name_obj;
	const char *name;
	PyObject *aliased_type_obj;
	struct drgn_qualified_type aliased_type;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!O|O&:typedef_type",
					 keywords, &PyUnicode_Type, &name_obj,
					 &aliased_type_obj,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
	if (!name)
		return NULL;

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	if (type_arg(aliased_type_obj, &aliased_type, type_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &DrgnType_attr_name.id,
			      name_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	drgn_typedef_type_init(type_obj->type, name, aliased_type);
	return type_obj;
}

DrgnType *pointer_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "size", "type", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	unsigned long size;
	PyObject *referenced_type_obj;
	struct drgn_qualified_type referenced_type;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "kO|O&:pointer_type",
					 keywords, &size, &referenced_type_obj,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	if (type_arg(referenced_type_obj, &referenced_type, type_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	drgn_pointer_type_init(type_obj->type, size, referenced_type);
	return type_obj;
}

DrgnType *array_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "length", "type", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj;
	PyObject *length_obj;
	unsigned long long length;
	PyObject *element_type_obj;
	struct drgn_qualified_type element_type;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "OO|O&:array_type",
					 keywords, &length_obj,
					 &element_type_obj,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	if (length_obj == Py_None) {
		length = 0;
	} else {
		if (!PyLong_Check(length_obj)) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					"length must be integer or None");
			return NULL;
		}
		length = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(length_obj);
		if (length == (unsigned long long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
			return NULL;
	}

	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, 0, 0);
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;

	if (type_arg(element_type_obj, &element_type, type_obj) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(type_obj);
		return NULL;
	}

	if (length_obj == Py_None)
		drgn_array_type_init_incomplete(type_obj->type, element_type);
	else
		drgn_array_type_init(type_obj->type, length, element_type);
	return type_obj;
}

static int unpack_parameter(DrgnType *type_obj, PyObject *parameters_seq,
			    PyObject *pending_parameters_obj, size_t i)
{
	static const char *msg = "function type parameter must be (type, name) sequence";
	PyObject *seq, *tuple, *name_obj;
	struct drgn_lazy_type parameter_type;
	const char *name;
	int ret = -1;
	size_t size;

	seq = PySequence_Fast(PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(parameters_seq, i), msg);
	if (!seq)
		return -1;

	size = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(seq);
	if (size < 1 || size > 2) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, msg);
		goto out;
	}

	if (size >= 2)
		name_obj = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 1);
	else
		name_obj = Py_None;
	if (name_obj == Py_None) {
		name = NULL;
	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(name_obj)) {
		name = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name_obj);
		if (!name)
			goto out;
	} else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"parameter name must be string or None");
		goto out;
	}

	tuple = PyTuple_New(2);
	if (!tuple)
		goto out;
	Py_INCREF(name_obj);
	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, 1, name_obj);

	if (lazy_type_arg(PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 0), &parameter_type,
			  &PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(tuple)[0]) == -1) {
		Py_DECREF(tuple);
		goto out;
	}
	drgn_type_parameter_init(type_obj->type, i, parameter_type, name);

	PyTuple_SET_ITEM(pending_parameters_obj, i, tuple);
	ret = 0;
out:
	Py_DECREF(seq);
	return ret;
}

DrgnType *function_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
	static char *keywords[] = { "type", "parameters", "is_variadic", "qualifiers", NULL, };
	DrgnType *type_obj = NULL;
	PyObject *return_type_obj;
	struct drgn_qualified_type return_type;
	PyObject *parameters_obj, *parameters_seq = NULL;
	PyObject *pending_parameters_obj = NULL;
	size_t num_parameters, i;
	int is_variadic = 0;
	unsigned char qualifiers = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "OO|pO&:function_type",
					 keywords, &return_type_obj,
					 &parameters_obj, &is_variadic,
					 qualifiers_converter, &qualifiers))
		return NULL;

	parameters_seq = PySequence_Fast(parameters_obj,
					 "parameters must be sequence");
	if (!parameters_seq)
		return NULL;
	num_parameters = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(parameters_seq);
	pending_parameters_obj = PyTuple_New(num_parameters);
	if (!pending_parameters_obj)
		goto err;
	type_obj = DrgnType_new(qualifiers, num_parameters,
				sizeof(struct drgn_type_parameter));
	if (!type_obj)
		return NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < num_parameters; i++) {
		if (unpack_parameter(type_obj, parameters_seq,
				     pending_parameters_obj, i) == -1)
			goto err;
	}
	Py_CLEAR(parameters_seq);

	/*
	 * We can't cache it as the real parameters attribute because it may
	 * contain NULL for lazy types.
	 */
	if (_PyDict_SetItemId(type_obj->attr_cache, &PyId_pending_parameters,
			      pending_parameters_obj) == -1)
		goto err;
	Py_CLEAR(pending_parameters_obj);

	if (type_arg(return_type_obj, &return_type, type_obj) == -1)
		goto err;

	drgn_function_type_init(type_obj->type, return_type, num_parameters,
				is_variadic);
	return type_obj;

err:
	Py_XDECREF(type_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(pending_parameters_obj);
	Py_XDECREF(parameters_seq);
	return NULL;
}