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drgn/docs/api_reference.rst
Omar Sandoval 452901923b docs: document creating incomplete type with struct_type() 
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API Reference
=============
.. module:: drgn
Programs
--------
.. class:: Program
A ``Program`` represents a crashed or running program. It can be used to
lookup type definitions, access variables, and read arbitrary memory.
The main functionality of a ``Program`` is looking up objects (i.e.,
variables, constants, or functions). This is usually done with the
:meth:`[] <__getitem__>` operator.
This class cannot be constructed directly. Instead, use one of the
:ref:`api-program-constructors`.
.. attribute:: flags
Flags which apply to this program.
:vartype: ProgramFlags
.. attribute:: word_size
Size of a word in this program in bytes.
:vartype: int
.. attribute:: byteorder
Byte order (a.k.a. endianness) in this program (either ``'little'``
or ``'big'``).
:vartype: str
.. attribute:: __getitem__(name)
Implement ``self[name]``. Get the object (variable, constant, or
function) with the given name.
If there are multiple objects with the same name, one is returned
arbitrarily. In this case, the :meth:`variable()`, :meth:`constant()`,
or :meth:`function()` methods can be used instead.
>>> prog['jiffies']
Object(prog, 'volatile unsigned long', address=0xffffffff94c05000)
:param str name: The object name.
:rtype: Object
.. attribute:: variable(name, filename=None)
Get the variable with the given name.
>>> prog.variable('jiffies')
Object(prog, 'volatile unsigned long', address=0xffffffff94c05000)
:param str name: The variable name.
:param filename: The source code file that contains the definition. See
:ref:`api-filenames`.
:type filename: str or None
:rtype: Object
:raises LookupError: if no variables with the given name are found in
the given file
.. attribute:: constant(name, filename=None)
Get the constant (e.g., enumeration constant) with the given name.
Note that support for macro constants is not yet implemented for DWARF
files, and most compilers don't generate macro debugging information
by default anyways.
>>> prog.constant('PIDTYPE_MAX')
Object(prog, 'enum pid_type', value=4)
:param str name: The constant name.
:param filename: The source code file that contains the definition. See
:ref:`api-filenames`.
:type filename: str or None
:rtype: Object
:raises LookupError: if no constants with the given name are found in
the given file
.. attribute:: function(name, filename=None)
Get the function with the given name.
>>> prog.function('schedule')
Object(prog, 'void (void)', address=0xffffffff94392370)
:param str name: The function name.
:param filename: The source code file that contains the definition. See
:ref:`api-filenames`.
:type filename: str or None
:rtype: Object
:raises LookupError: if no functions with the given name are found in
the given file
.. attribute:: type(name, filename=None)
Get the type with the given name.
>>> prog.type('long')
int_type(name='long', size=8, is_signed=True)
:param str name: The type name.
:param filename: The source code file that contains the definition. See
:ref:`api-filenames`.
:type filename: str or None
:rtype: Type
:raises LookupError: if no types with the given name are found in
the given file
.. attribute:: pointer_type(type, qualifiers=None)
Create a pointer type which points to the given type.
:param type: The referenced type.
:type type: str or Type
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. attribute:: read(address, size, physical=False)
Read *size* bytes of memory starting at *address* in the program. The
address may be virtual (the default) or physical if the program
supports it.
>>> prog.read(0xffffffffbe012b40, 16)
b'swapper/0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
:param int address: The starting address.
:param int size: The number of bytes to read.
:param bool physical: Whether *address* is a physical memory address.
If ``False``, then it is a virtual memory address. Physical memory
can usually only be read when the program is an operating system
kernel.
:rtype: bytes
:raises FaultError: if the address range is invalid or the type of
address (physical or virtual) is not supported by the program
:raises ValueError: if *size* is negative
.. class:: ProgramFlags
``ProgramFlags`` is an :class:`enum.IntFlag` of flags that can apply to a
:class:`Program` (e.g., about what kind of program it is).
.. attribute:: IS_LINUX_KERNEL
The program is the Linux kernel.
.. _api-filenames:
Filenames
^^^^^^^^^
The :meth:`Program.type()`, :meth:`Program.variable()`,
:meth:`Program.constant()`, and :meth:`Program.function()` methods all take a
*filename* parameter to distinguish between multiple definitions with the same
name. The filename refers to the source code file that contains the definition.
``None`` matches any definition. Otherwise, the filename is matched from right
to left, so ``'stdio.h'``, ``'include/stdio.h'``, ``'usr/include/stdio.h'``,
and ``'/usr/include/stdio.h'`` would all match a definition in
``/usr/include/stdio.h``. If multiple definitions match, one is returned
arbitrarily.
.. _api-program-constructors:
Program Constructors
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The drgn command line interface automatically creates a :class:`Program` named
``prog``. However, drgn may also be used as a library without the CLI, in which
case a ``Program`` must be created manually.
.. function:: program_from_core_dump(path, verbose=False)
Create a :class:`Program` from a core dump file. The type of program (e.g.,
userspace or kernel) is determined automatically.
:param str path: Core dump file path.
:param bool verbose: Whether to print non-fatal errors to stderr (e.g.,
about not being able to find debugging symbols).
:rtype: Program
.. function:: program_from_kernel(verbose=False)
Create a :class:`Program` from the running operating system kernel. This
requires root privileges.
:param bool verbose: Whether to print non-fatal errors to stderr (e.g.,
about not being able to find kernel modules or debugging symbols).
:rtype: Program
.. function:: program_from_pid(pid)
Create a :class:`Program` from a running program with the given PID. This
requires appropriate permissions (on Linux, :manpage:`ptrace(2)` attach
permissions).
:param int pid: Process ID of the program to debug.
:rtype: Program
Objects
-------
.. class:: Object(prog, type=None, *, address=None, value=None, byteorder=None, bit_offset=None, bit_field_size=None)
An ``Object`` represents a symbol or value in a program. An object may
exist in the memory of the program (a *reference*), or it may be a
temporary computed value (a *value*).
All instances of this class have two attributes: :attr:`prog_`, the program
that the object is from; and :attr:`type_`, the type of the object.
Reference objects also have an :attr:`address_` attribute. Objects may also
have a :attr:`byteorder_`, :attr:`bit_offset_`, and
:attr:`bit_field_size_`.
:func:`repr()` of an object returns a Python representation of the object:
>>> print(repr(prog['jiffies']))
Object(prog, 'volatile long unsigned int', address=0xffffffffbf005000)
:class:`str() <str>` returns a representation of the object in programming
language syntax:
>>> print(prog['jiffies'])
(volatile long unsigned int)4326237045
Note that the drgn CLI is set up so that objects are displayed with
``str()`` instead of ``repr()`` (the latter is the default behavior of
Python's interactive mode). This means that in the drgn CLI, the call to
``print()`` in the second example above is not necessary.
Objects support the following operators:
* Arithmetic operators: ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``%``
* Bitwise operators: ``<<``, ``>>``, ``&``, ``|``, ``^``, ``~``
* Relational operators: ``==``, ``!=``, ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``, ``>=``
* Subscripting: :meth:`[] <__getitem__>` (Python does not have a unary
``*`` operator, so pointers are dereferenced with ``ptr[0]``)
* Member access: :meth:`. <__getattribute__>` (Python does not have a
``->`` operator, so ``.`` is also used to access members of pointers to
structures)
* The address-of operator: :meth:`drgn.Object.address_of_()` (this is a
method because Python does not have a ``&`` operator)
* Array length: :meth:`len() <__len__>`
These operators all have the semantics of the program's programming
language. For example, adding two objects from a program written in C
results in an object with a type and value according to the rules of C:
>>> Object(prog, 'unsigned long', value=2**64 - 1) + Object(prog, 'int', value=1)
Object(prog, 'unsigned long', value=0)
If only one operand to a binary operator is an object, the other operand
will be converted to an object according to the language's rules for
literals:
>>> Object(prog, 'char', value=0) - 1
Object(prog, 'int', value=-1)
The standard :class:`int() <int>`, :class:`float() <float>`, and
:class:`bool() <bool>` functions convert an object to that Python type.
Conversion to ``bool`` uses the programming language's notion of
"truthiness". Additionally, certain Python functions will automatically
coerce an object to the appropriate Python type (e.g., :func:`hex()`,
:func:`round()`, and :meth:`list subscripting <object.__getitem__>`).
Object attributes and methods are named with a trailing underscore to avoid
conflicting with structure or union members. The attributes and methods
always take precedence; use :meth:`member_()` if there is a conflict.
Objects are usually obtained directly from a :class:`Program`, but they can
be constructed manually, as well (for example, if you got a variable
address from a log file).
:param Program prog: The program to create this object in.
:param type: The type of the object. If omitted, this is deduced from
*value* according to the language's rules for literals.
:type type: str or Type
:param int address: The address of this object in the program. Either this
or *value* must be given, but not both.
:param value: The value of this object. See :meth:`value_()`.
:param byteorder: Byte order of the object. This should be ``'little'`` or
``'big'``. The default is ``None``, which indicates the program byte
order. This must be ``None`` for primitive values.
:type byteorder: str or None
:param bit_offset: Offset in bits from the object's address to the
beginning of the object. The default is ``None``, which means no
offset. This must be ``None`` for primitive values.
:type bit_offset: int or None
:param bit_field_size: Size in bits of this object if it is a bit field.
The default is ``None``, which means the object is not a bit field.
:type bit_field_size: int or None
.. attribute:: prog_
Program that this object is from.
:vartype: Program
.. attribute:: type_
Type of this object.
:vartype: Type
.. attribute:: address_
Address of this object if it is a reference, ``None`` if it is a value.
:vartype: int or None
.. attribute:: byteorder_
Byte order of this object (either ``'little'`` or ``'big'``) if it is a
reference or a non-primitive value, ``None`` otherwise.
:vartype: str or None
.. attribute:: bit_offset_
Offset in bits from this object's address to the beginning of the
object if it is a reference or a non-primitive value, ``None``
otherwise.
:vartype: int or None
.. attribute:: bit_field_size_
Size in bits of this object if it is a bit field, ``None`` if it is
not.
:vartype: int or None
.. method:: __getattribute__(name)
Implement ``self.name``.
If *name* is an attribute of the :class:`Object` class, then this
returns that attribute. Otherwise, it is equivalent to
:meth:`member_()`.
>>> print(prog['init_task'].pid)
(pid_t)0
:param str name: Attribute name.
.. method:: __getitem__(idx)
Implement ``self[idx]``. Get the array element at the given index.
>>> print(prog['init_task'].comm[0])
(char)115
This is only valid for pointers and arrays.
:param int idx: The array index.
:rtype: Object
:raises TypeError: if this object is not a pointer or array
.. method:: __len__()
Implement ``len(self)``. Get the number of elements in this object.
>>> len(prog['init_task'].comm)
16
This is only valid for arrays.
:rtype: int
:raises TypeError: if this object is not an array with complete type
.. method:: value_()
Get the value of this object as a Python object.
For basic types (integer, floating-point, boolean), this returns an
object of the directly corresponding Python type (``int``, ``float``,
``bool``). For pointers, this returns the address value of the pointer.
For enums, this returns an ``int``. For structures and unions, this
returns a ``dict`` of members. For arrays, this returns a ``list`` of
values.
:raises FaultError: if reading the object causes a bad memory access
:raises TypeError: if this object has an unreadable type (e.g.,
``void``)
.. method:: string_()
Read a null-terminated string pointed to by this object.
This is only valid for pointers and arrays. The element type is
ignored; this operates byte-by-byte.
For pointers and flexible arrays, this stops at the first null byte.
For complete arrays, this stops at the first null byte or at the end of
the array.
:rtype: bytes
:raises FaultError: if reading the string causes a bad memory access
:raises TypeError: if this object is not a pointer or array
.. method:: member_(name)
Get a member of this object.
This is valid for structures, unions, and pointers to either.
Normally the dot operator (``.``) can be used to accomplish the same
thing, but this method can be used if there is a name conflict with an
Object member or method.
:param str name: Name of the member.
:rtype: Object
:raises TypeError: if this object is not a structure, union, or a
pointer to either
:raises LookupError: if this object does not have a member with the
given name
.. method:: address_of_()
Get a pointer to this object.
This corresponds to the address-of (``&``) operator in C. It is only
possible for reference objects, as value objects don't have an address
in the program.
As opposed to :attr:`address_`, this returns an ``Object``, not an
``int``.
:rtype: Object
:raises ValueError: if this object is a value
.. method:: read_()
Read this object (which may be a reference or a value) and return it as
a value object.
This is useful if the object can change in the running program (but of
course nothing stops the program from modifying the object while it is
being read).
As opposed to :meth:`value_()`, this returns an ``Object``, not a
standard Python type.
:rtype: Object
:raises FaultError: if reading this object causes a bad memory access
:raises TypeError: if this object has an unreadable type (e.g.,
``void``)
.. function:: NULL(prog, type)
Get an object representing ``NULL`` casted to the given type.
This is equivalent to ``Object(prog, type, value=0)``.
:param Program prog: The program.
:param type: The type.
:type type: str or Type
:rtype: Object
.. function:: cast(type, obj)
Get the value of the given object casted to another type.
Objects with a scalar type (integer, boolean, enumerated, floating-point,
or pointer) can be casted to a different scalar type. Other objects can
only be casted to the same type. This always results in a value object. See
also :func:`drgn.reinterpret()`.
:param type: The type to cast to.
:type type: str or Type
:param Object obj: The object to cast.
:rtype: Object
.. function:: reinterpret(type, obj, byteorder=None)
Get a copy of the given object reinterpreted as another type and/or byte
order.
This reinterprets the raw memory of the object, so an object can be
reinterpreted as any other type. However, value objects with a scalar type
cannot be reinterpreted, as their memory layout in the program is not
known. Reinterpreting a reference results in a reference, and
reinterpreting a value results in a value. See also :func:`drgn.cast()`.
:param type: The type to reinterpret as.
:type type: str or Type
:param Object obj: The object to reinterpret.
:param byteorder: The byte order to reinterpret as. This should be
``'little'`` or ``'big'``. The default is ``None``, which indicates the
program byte order.
:type byteorder: str or None
:rtype: Object
.. function:: container_of(ptr, type, member)
Get the containing object of a pointer object.
This corresponds to the ``container_of()`` macro in C.
:param Object ptr: The pointer.
:param type: The type of the containing object.
:type type: str or Type
:param str member: The name of the member in ``type``.
:raises TypeError: if the object is not a pointer or the type is not a
structure or union type
:raises LookupError: If the type does not have a member with the given name
.. _api-reference-types:
Types
-----
.. class:: Type
A ``Type`` object describes a type in a program. Each kind of type (e.g.,
integer, structure) has different attributes (e.g., name, size). Types can
also have qualifiers (e.g., constant, atomic). Accessing an attribute which
does not apply to a type raises an :exc:`AttributeError`.
:func:`repr()` of a Type returns a Python representation of the type:
>>> print(repr(prog.type('sector_t')))
typedef_type(name='sector_t', type=int_type(name='unsigned long', size=8, is_signed=False))
:class:`str() <str>` returns a representation of the type in programming
language syntax:
>>> print(prog.type('sector_t'))
typedef unsigned long sector_t
The drgn CLI is set up so that types are displayed with ``str()`` instead
of ``repr()`` by default.
This class cannot be constructed directly. Instead, use one of the
:ref:`api-type-constructors`.
.. attribute:: kind
Kind of this type.
:vartype: TypeKind
.. attribute:: qualifiers
Bitmask of this type's qualifier.
:vartype: Qualifiers
.. attribute:: name
Name of this type. This is present for integer, boolean,
floating-point, complex, and typedef types.
:vartype: str
.. attribute:: tag
Tag of this type, or ``None`` if this is an anonymous type. This is
present for structure, union, and enumerated types.
:vartype: str or None
.. attribute:: size
Size of this type in bytes, or ``None`` if this is an incomplete type.
This is present for integer, boolean, floating-point, complex,
structure, union, and pointer types.
:vartype: int or None
.. attribute:: length
Number of elements in this type, or ``None`` if this is an incomplete
type. This is only present for array types.
:vartype: int or None
.. attribute:: is_signed
Whether this type is signed. This is only present for integer types.
:vartype: bool
.. attribute:: type
Type underlying this type, defined as follows:
* For complex types, the corresponding the real type.
* For typedef types, the aliased type.
* For enumerated types, the compatible integer type, which is ``None``
if this is an incomplete type.
* For pointer types, the referenced type.
* For array types, the element type.
* For function types, the return type.
For other types, this attribute is not present.
:vartype: Type
.. attribute:: members
List of members of this type, or ``None`` if this is an incomplete
type. This is present for structure and union types.
Each member is a (type, name, bit offset, bit field size) tuple. The
name is ``None`` if the member is unnamed; the bit field size is zero
if the member is not a bit field.
:vartype: list[tuple(Type, str or None, int, int)]
.. attribute:: enumerators
List of enumeration constants of this type, or ``None`` if this is an
incomplete type. This is only present for enumerated types.
Each enumeration constant is a (name, value) tuple.
:vartype: list[tuple(str, int)] or None
.. attribute:: parameters
List of parameters of this type. This is only present for function
types.
Each parameter is a (type, name) tuple. The name is ``None`` if the
parameter is unnamed.
:vartype: list[tuple(Type, str or None)]
.. attribute:: is_variadic
Whether this type takes a variable number of arguments. This is only
present for function types.
:vartype: bool
.. method:: type_name()
Get a descriptive full name of this type.
:rtype: str
.. method:: is_complete()
Get whether this type is complete (i.e., the type definition is known).
This is always ``False`` for void types. It may be ``False`` for
structure, union, enumerated, and array types, as well as typedef types
where the underlying type is one of those. Otherwise, it is always
``True``.
:rtype: bool
.. method:: qualified(qualifiers)
Get a copy of this type with different qualifiers.
Note that the original qualifiers are replaced, not added to.
:param qualifiers: New type qualifiers.
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. method:: unqualified()
Get a copy of this type with no qualifiers.
:rtype: Type
.. class:: TypeKind
``TypeKind`` is an :class:`enum.Enum` of the different kinds of types.
.. attribute:: VOID
Void type.
.. attribute:: INT
Integer type.
.. attribute:: BOOL
Boolean type.
.. attribute:: FLOAT
Floating-point type.
.. attribute:: COMPLEX
Complex type.
.. attribute:: STRUCT
Structure type.
.. attribute:: UNION
Union type.
.. attribute:: ENUM
Enumerated type.
.. attribute:: TYPEDEF
Type definition (a.k.a. alias) type.
.. attribute:: POINTER
Pointer type.
.. attribute:: ARRAY
Array type.
.. attribute:: FUNCTION
Function type.
.. class:: Qualifiers
``Qualifiers`` is an :class:`enum.IntFlag` of type qualifiers.
.. attribute:: CONST
Constant type.
.. attribute:: VOLATILE
Volatile type.
.. attribute:: RESTRICT
`Restrict <https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/restrict>`_ type.
.. attribute:: ATOMIC
Atomic type.
.. _api-type-constructors:
Type Constructors
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Custom drgn types can be created with the following factory functions. These
can be used just like types obtained from :meth:`Program.type()`.
.. function:: void_type(qualifiers=None)
Create a new void type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.VOID`.
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: int_type(name, size, is_signed, qualifiers=None)
Create a new integer type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.INT`.
:param str name: :attr:`Type.name`
:param int size: :attr:`Type.size`
:param bool is_signed: :attr:`Type.is_signed`
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: bool_type(name, size, qualifiers=None)
Create a new boolean type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.BOOL`.
:param str name: :attr:`Type.name`
:param int size: :attr:`Type.size`
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: float_type(name, size, qualifiers=None)
Create a new floating-point type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.FLOAT`.
:param str name: :attr:`Type.name`
:param int size: :attr:`Type.size`
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: complex_type(name, size, type, qualifiers=None)
Create a new complex type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.COMPLEX`.
:param str name: :attr:`Type.name`
:param int size: :attr:`Type.size`
:param Type type: The corresponding real type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: struct_type(tag, size, members, qualifiers=None)
Create a new structure type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.STRUCT`.
:param tag: :attr:`Type.tag`
:type tag: str or None
:param size: :attr:`Type.size`; ``None`` if this is an incomplete type.
:type size: int or None
:param members: :attr:`Type.members`; ``None`` if this is an incomplete
type. The type of a member may be given as a callable returning a
``Type``; it will be called the first time that the member is accessed.
The name, bit offset, and bit field size may be omitted; they default
to ``None``, 0, and 0, respectively.
:type members: list[tuple] or None
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: union_type(tag, size, members, qualifiers=None)
Create a new union type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.UNION`. Otherwise,
this is the same as :func:`struct_type()`.
.. function:: enum_type(tag, type, enumerators, qualifiers=None)
Create a new enumerated type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.ENUM`.
:param tag: :attr:`Type.tag`
:type tag: str or None
:param type: The compatible integer type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:type param Type or None:
:param enumerators: :attr:`Type.enumerators`
:type enumerators: list[tuple] or None
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: typedef_type(name, type, qualifiers=None)
Create a new typedef type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.TYPEDEF`.
:param str name: :attr:`Type.name`
:param Type type: The aliased type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: pointer_type(size, type, qualifiers=None)
Create a new pointer type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.POINTER`,
You can usually use :meth:`Program:pointer_type()` instead.
:param int size: :attr:`Type.size`
:param type: The referenced type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: array_type(length, type, qualifiers=None)
Create a new array type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.ARRAY`.
:param length: :attr:`Type.length`
:type length: int or None
:param Type type: The element type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
.. function:: function_type(type, parameters, is_variadic=False, qualifiers=None)
Create a new function type. It has kind :attr:`TypeKind.FUNCTION`.
:param Type type: The return type (:attr:`Type.type`)
:param list[tuple] parameters: :attr:`Type.parameters`. The type of a
parameter may be given as a callable returning a ``Type``; it will be
called the first time that the parameter is accessed. The name may be
omitted and defaults to ``None``.
:param bool is_variadic: :attr:`Type.is_variadic`
:param qualifiers: :attr:`Type.qualifiers`
:type qualifiers: Qualifiers or None
:rtype: Type
Exceptions
----------
.. exception:: FaultError
This error is raised when a bad memory access is attempted (i.e., when
accessing a memory address which is not valid in a program, or when
accessing out of bounds of a value object).
.. exception:: FileFormatError
This is error raised when a file cannot be parsed according to its expected
format (e.g., ELF or DWARF).
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